The signing of a memorandum of understanding on comprehensive cooperation between the two countries of Iran and China over the next 25 years has facilitated the expansion of bilateral cooperation in various fields. Scientific cooperation is one of the important dimensions of this document. Allocating clauses to the scientific cooperation between the two countries, in addition to creating the opportunity for scientific development, can be the basis for cooperation in other fields. The focus of this article is on providing policy solutions and strategies to improve the level of scientific cooperation, considering the will of the governance systems of the two countries to improve relations over the next 25 years. To achieve this goal, a theoretical framework containing propositions derived from the network system and structure-agent has been drawn for three micro, medium, and macro levels. The research method is structural-interpretive analysis. The result is that the scientific cooperation between the two countries, Iran and China, is affected by a set of factors at the macro, medium, and micro levels that directly and indirectly affect its progress. Based on the findings of the research, macro-level factors, including "political will" and "Iran's membership in the Belt and Road Initiative," have the greatest direct impact on the expansion of scientific cooperation between the two countries. The main achievement of the article is to determine the share of influential factors and the types of relationships between this network of factors and to provide suggestions for prioritizing them with the aim of promoting scientific cooperation between the two countries of Iran and China.