Population dynamics have emerged as a critical global issue with direct implications for sustainable economic development. This study examines the correlation between population size and innovative output among member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), introducing a new conceptual framework entitled the Highly Innovative Population Theory (HIPT). HIPT investigates the optimal range of population growth conducive to fostering high levels of innovation. Employing a comparative approach and utilizing least squares regression analysis, the study analyzes innovation metrics in relation to population data across selected countries. The findings reveal that while Western scientific discourse often emphasizes moderate population levels as ideal for innovation, global empirical evidence suggests a more straightforward positive correlation: countries with larger populations tend to demonstrate greater capacity for breakthrough innovation. Exceptions to this trend are frequently associated with the implementation of restrictive population policies. The study concludes that national public policies reflecting either perspective will significantly influence a country's future innovation potential. Nations that limit generational growth risk facing simultaneous demographic decline and diminished innovation capabilities. Conversely, those that strategically invest in population expansion, particularly youth development, are more likely to achieve innovation-led growth. For countries aspiring to civilizational advancement, fostering a growing and dynamic population is not merely advantageous but essential.