Strategy

Strategy

Participatory Governance: Methods and Political Tools in Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Author
Seyed Mohsen Mirbagheri
Researcher of the Research Center of the Islamic Council, Tehran, Iran
10.22034/rahbord.2023.375026.1512
Abstract
Participatory governance is one of the most successful approaches to public policy and management. This approach reduces many social and political tensions and challenges and leads to an increase in social capital. But the lack of knowledge of the effective methods and tools in this approach has prevented the optimal use of this approach. In this article, the methods and tools of participatory governance in the field of politics are examined. The method of this research is content analysis, and using this method, data has been collected and checked with the help of library and internet sources, and then, by analyzing the collected data, the methods and tools of participatory governance have been extracted. In the following, with the help of 31 experts and academic and organizational experts in this field, the desired components have been identified with 16 indicators and in two main categories of methods and tools. The findings show that 8 methods of voting, surveying and polling, consultation, collective decision-making, production of common literature, networking and team building, information sharing, and collective work are among the most important methods of implementing participatory governance, and 8 tools such as virtual platforms, free-thinking seats, elections, marches, Friday prayers, gatherings and protests, social media, and think tanks are among the most important political tools of participatory governance in the country.
Keywords
Participatory Governance
Political Institutions
Methods and Tools
Policy-Making
Content Analysis
  • ­ Abbasi Sarmadi, Mehdi, Razieh Mehrabi Koshki and Mahmoudreza Rehbargazi. (2013). Examining the effect of social capital on participation in elections. Social Issues of Iran (Khwarazmi University), 5(2), 41-60. (In Persian)
  • ­ Altschuler, Daniel, and Javier Corrales. (2013). The promise of participation: Experiments in participatory governance in Honduras and Guatemala. Springer.
  • ­ Alizadeh, Abdolreza and Reihaneh Salehi. (2016). Freedom of assembly and marches in the light of Article 27 of the Iranian Constitution. Islamic Law, 14(52), 127-162. (In Persian)
  • ­ Aghajani, Ahmed and Mahmoud Asgari. (2011). The role of think tanks in defense-security policymaking. Defense Strategy, 9(32), 137-172. (In Persian)
  • ­ Ameri Shahrabi, Mohsen and Ismail Kavossi. (2015). Designing a quality culture model in the field of education by using the content analysis method. Education Quarterly in Law Enforcement Sciences, 4(1), 1-20. (In Persian)
  • ­ Azimzadeh Ardabili, Faeze and Mena Afzali Qadi. (2019). An analysis of the requirements of consultative decision-making based on Islamic teachings. Islamic Management Quarterly, 28(2), 39-76. (In Persian)
  • ­ Batory, Agnes, and Sara Svensson. (2019). The use and abuse of participatory governance by populist governments. POLICY AND POLITICS, 47(2), 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557319X15487805848586
  • ­ Bosel, Thomas, Andreagiovanni Reinal, and James Marshall. (2017). Collective decision-making. CURRENT OPINION IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, 16, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.03.004
  • ­ Bui, Tung X. (1987). A group decision support system for cooperative multiple criteria group decision making. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, Springer-Verlag.
  • ­ Camba, Alvin A. (2014). Participatory Governance in the EU Enhancing or Endangering Democracy and Efficiency? GOVERNANCE-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLICY ADMINISTRATION AND INSTITUTIONS, 27(3), 536–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12097
  • ­ Dara, Jalil and Elahe Sadeghi. (2021). Political parties in the electoral system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, harms and solutions. Strategy, 30(99), 363-391. (In Persian)
  • ­ De Oca, Marco A., Eliseo Ferrante, Alexander Scheidler, Carlo Pinciroli, Mauro Birattari, and Marco Dorigo. (2011). Majority-rule opinion dynamics with differential latency: a mechanism for self-organized collective decision-making. SWARM INTELLIGENCE, 5(3–4, 1, SI), 305–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11721-011-0062-z
  • ­ Emerson, Kirk, and Tina Nabatchi. (2015). Evaluating the productivity of collaborative governance regimes: A performance matrix. Public Performance \& Management Review, 38(4), 717–747.
  • ­ Forde, Catherine. (2020). Participatory governance in Ireland: Institutional innovation and the quest for joined-up thinking. ADMINISTRATION, 68(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.2478/admin-2020-0013
  • ­ Ganji, Mohammad, Mohsen Niazi and Fatemeh Ehsani Rad. (2014). Participation in charity and endowment is a precursor to sustainable development. Socio-Cultural Development Studies, 3(4), 25-45. (In Persian)
  • ­ Gerrits, Lasse, and Peter Marks. (2017). Understanding collective decision making: a fitness landscape model approach. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • ­ Ghorbani, Mehdi, Mohammadreza Akhundi, Hedayat Elah Mirshamsi and Seyed Hossein Mousavinia. (2018). Evaluation of intra-group social capital in order to establish participatory governance of natural resources (Study area: Abarkoh city, Yazd province). Pasture and Watershed (Natural Resources of Iran), 72, 1037-1047. (In Persian)
  • ­ Halim, Rahmawati. (2018). COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE MODEL IN THE VILLAGE FUND MANAGEMENT AT BANGGAI REGENCY (MODEL GOVERNANS KERJASAMA DALAM PENGURUSAN DANA KAMPUNG DI KABUPATEN BANGGAI). ASIAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT, HISTORY AND HERITAGE, 2(2), 258-269.
  • ­ Horsley, Jamie P. (2009). Public participation in the people’s republic: developing a more participatory governance model in China. Retrieved July, 30, 1-19.
  • ­ Iaryczower, Matias, Xiaoxia Shi, and Matthew Shum. (2018). Can Words Get in the Way? The Effect of Deliberation in Collective Decision Making. JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, 126(2), 688–734.
  • ­ Jesus-Serrano-Contreras, Ignacio, Garcia-Marin, Xavier, J. Lunango, Oscar, Jahanshahi, Amid, and Choupanian, Ahmed. (2019). Evaluating online political dialogue: Does polarization lead to more exchange of opinions? Satellite and New Media Studies, 25(2), 115-137. (In Persian)
  • ­ Kerami, Hadi. (2016). Examining issues and problems of group decision making. Management and Accounting Studies Quarterly, 6, 324-337. (In Persian)
  • ­ Khaluf, Yara, Eliseo Ferrante, Pieter Simoens, and Cristián Huepe. (2017). Scale invariance in natural and artificial collective systems: a review. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 14(136), 1-19.
  • ­ Kravchenko, E. M. (2018). The role of leadership in the relationship between collective organizational efficacy and collective work engagement. PSYCHOLOGY-JOURNAL OF THE HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, 15(3, SI), 590–605. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2018-3-590-605
  • ­ Laughlin, Patrick R. (2011). Social choice theory, social decision scheme theory, and group decision-making. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS, 14(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210372524
  • ­ Lloyd, Amy, Natalie Joseph-Williams, Adrian Edwards, Andrew Rix, and Glyn Elwyn. (2013). Patchy `coherence’: using normalization process theory to evaluate a multi-faceted shared decision making implementation program (MAGIC). IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-8-102
  • ­ Makinson, J. C., Schaerf, T. M., Wagner, N., Oldroyd, B. P., & Beekman, M. (2017). Collective decision making in the red dwarf honeybee Apis florea: do the bees simply follow the flowers? INSECTES SOCIAUX, 64(4), 557–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-017-0577-4
  • ­ Makinson, J. C., T. M. Schaerf, N. Wagner, B. P. Oldroyd, and M. Beekman. (2019). How to use fitness landscape models for the analysis of collective decision-making: a case of theory-transfer and its limitations. BIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-018-9669-4
  • ­ Maroufi, Yahya, Mohammad Reza Yousefzadeh and Dawood Mirzaei Far. (2017). Quality evaluation components of continuous undergraduate curriculum of Farhangian University. Educational Measurement and Evaluation Studies, 8(23), 81-116. (In Persian)
  • ­ Maleki, Hassan. (1996). Teaching the spirit of cooperation. Cooperation and Agriculture, 55, 10-12. (In Persian)
  • ­ Makarem Shirazi, Nasser, Ghazi Askar, Ali. (1376). Haj and Haramin Sharifin in Tafsir Nemuneh, Volume 1, Mashar Publishing. (In Persian)
  • ­ Mirbagheri, Seyed Mohsen, Ata Ollah Rafiei Atani and Mohammad Reza Parsanjad. (2021). A systematic review of collective decision making literature. New Researches in Decision Making, 6(3), 239-258. (In Persian)
  • ­ Mirbagheri, Seyed Mohsen, Ata Ollah Rafiei Atani and Mohammad Reza Parsanjad. (2022). Designing a conceptual model of participatory governance in Iran: Foundation's data approach, Strategy Scientific Quarterly, 32(3). (In Persian)
  • ­ Mohammadi, Naimeh and Hasan Danaei Fard. (2019). The participatory governance model of Iran's renewable energy development: an institutional approach. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 9(30), 133-155. (In Persian)
  • ­ Mousavi Kashi, Zohra, Reza Pourmohammadi Rudsari, Hasan Jafari, Arzoo Sayad and Abolfazl Mawafaq. (2017). Decision-making by health managers with an Islamic approach, the theoretical foundations of Islam's attitude and approach in the decision-making process. Journal of Religion and Health Research, 4(3), 103-117. (In Persian)
  • ­ Prachami, Dawood. (2007). Investigating people's participation in the ninth presidential election. Research Journal of Human Sciences, (53 (special issue of sociology)), 37-82. (In Persian)
  • ­ Rafei Atani, Ata ollah. (2016). The reality and method of explaining "human action" in the framework of Islamic philosophy, a fundamental theory in human sciences. Aftab Tehseh Publications. (In Persian)
  • ­ Raji, Seyed Mohammad Hossein and Seyed Mohammad Reza Khatami. (2017). 40-year climb. Deputy of Astan Quds. (In Persian)
  • ­ Rahimi, Maria and Rahmatullah Fatahi. (2007). Scientific collaboration and information production: A look at common concepts and patterns in collaborative scientific production. Library Studies and Information Organization, 18(3), 235-248. (In Persian)
  • ­ Rezaei, Mehran, Seyed Mehdi Emami Jumeh and Mohammad Bidhendi. (2016). Presenting the weighting theory of human spheres in the analysis of the decision-making pattern based on the opinions of sublime philosophers. Islamic Management Quarterly, 25(4), 65-93. (In Persian)
  • ­ Rezaizadeh, Karim. (2021). Governance and its models with the role of public administration and law. Perfumes. (In Persian)
  • ­ Roper, Burns W. (1986). Evaluating polls with poll data. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50(1), 10–16.
  • ­ Rumi, Farshad and Seyed Mohsen Ale Seyedghfoor. (2017). Recognizing Russian think tanks and their approach to Iran's domestic and foreign policy. Political and International Research, 10, 151–175. (In Persian)
  • ­ Schmitter, Philippe C., J. Grote, and B. Gbikpi. (2002). Participatory Governance. Political and societal implications. Leske & Budrich, Opladen.
  • ­ Soltani, Mohammadreza. (2017). Estimating the characteristics and criteria of command and management based on the intellectual system of Imam Khamenei (Madazla Al-Ali) (based on the content analysis method). National Defense Strategic Management Studies, 2, 69-95. (In Persian)
  • ­ Vahedi, Mohammadreza. (2016). The position of the strike in the rights of Iran is similar to the rights of foreign countries. International Conference on Islamic Law and Jurisprudence, Tehran. (In Persian)
  • ­ Van Deemen, Adrian, and Agnieszka Rusinowska. (2010). Collective decision making: Views from social choice and game theory (Vol. 43). Springer Science & Business Media.
  • ­ Waheduzzaman, Wahed, Bernadine Van Gramberg, and Justine Ferrer. (2018). Bureaucratic Readiness in Managing Local Level Participatory Governance: A Developing Country Context. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, 77(2, SI), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12256
  • ­ Wu, Bo, Xiaokang Zhou, Qun Jin, Fuhua Lin, and Henry Leung. (2017). Analyzing Social Roles Based on a Hierarchical Model and Data Mining for Collective Decision-Making Support. IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, 11(1), 356–365. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2014.2386611
  • ­ Xu, Youzong. (2019). Collective decision-making of voters with heterogeneous levels of rationality. PUBLIC CHOICE, 178(1–2), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-018-00627-7.
  • ­ Zarei, Bahadur and Zahra Ansari. (2013). A comparative study of the participation rate in the presidential elections of Tehran compared to the whole country. Geography, 12 (period c(41), 43-62. (In Persian)
  • ­ Zanderzovi, Sayde Bahar, Hadi Khaniki, Akbar Nasralahi and Dariush Bustani. (2017). A request for participatory governance and sustainability of water resources, a qualitative study of the communication perception of Rafsanjan plain groundwater stakeholders. Iranian Journal of Social Studies, 12, 44-66. (In Persian)

  • Receive Date 01 December 2022
  • Revise Date 29 January 2023
  • Accept Date 09 February 2023