پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظامStrategy1028-310216420090219Environmental Democracy for the Protection of Environment in International LawEnvironmental Democracy for the Protection of Environment in International Law124334FAJournal Article19700101Decisions made at the international level by states, international organizations or even multinational companies, influencing international community and eventually citizens, are of an undemocratic nature. Because, these institutions are not representative of people. One of the solutions for redressing this democratic deficit, is the participation of citizens and civil society institutions, especially NGOs in the process of international decision-making which is not surely possible without factors such as awareness, information and knowledge. Participation and awareness are mutually influential, constituting the key concept of environmental democracy. Also, the participation of all interested groups on international decision-making enhances the efficiency of the decisions. Given the unconcentrated structure of international law, the legitimacy of international regulations is vital for their effective implementation. Among the ways of the participation of NGOs in international decision-making, we can mention: holding conferences for having access to public views, using the potentials of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), establishing a set of regional consultative processes or roundtables and etc.Decisions made at the international level by states, international organizations or even multinational companies, influencing international community and eventually citizens, are of an undemocratic nature. Because, these institutions are not representative of people. One of the solutions for redressing this democratic deficit, is the participation of citizens and civil society institutions, especially NGOs in the process of international decision-making which is not surely possible without factors such as awareness, information and knowledge. Participation and awareness are mutually influential, constituting the key concept of environmental democracy. Also, the participation of all interested groups on international decision-making enhances the efficiency of the decisions. Given the unconcentrated structure of international law, the legitimacy of international regulations is vital for their effective implementation. Among the ways of the participation of NGOs in international decision-making, we can mention: holding conferences for having access to public views, using the potentials of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), establishing a set of regional consultative processes or roundtables and etc.https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124334_4821f0e59b598a994d29e5d9c2c6667f.pdfپژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظامStrategy1028-310216420090219Legal Foundations of Electronic CommerceLegal Foundations of Electronic Commerce124335FAJournal Article19700101One of the important developments during the recent decades has been the emergence of Internet. Its impact has been very vast covering numerous fields including international commerce. The economic dimensions and legal aspects of this innovation created new disciplines in the field of economic sciences, computer and law. Electronic commerce law is among them. The volume of electronic commerce in the world is growing in an unprecedented way.;
This article tries to make the reader familiar with the nature and domain of electronic commerce law.;One of the important developments during the recent decades has been the emergence of Internet. Its impact has been very vast covering numerous fields including international commerce. The economic dimensions and legal aspects of this innovation created new disciplines in the field of economic sciences, computer and law. Electronic commerce law is among them. The volume of electronic commerce in the world is growing in an unprecedented way.;
This article tries to make the reader familiar with the nature and domain of electronic commerce law.;https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124335_0003d54dd5a21e67f4b1a9f0eb90a22b.pdfپژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظامStrategy1028-310216420090219A Review of Hierarchy of norms in legal system of Islamic Republic of IranA Review of Hierarchy of norms in legal system of Islamic Republic of Iran124336FAJournal Article19700101In an organized legal system, the relations between the legal norms are regulated based on a hierarchical pyramid structure. Recognition of the structure of this hierarchy and the relation between the existing legal norms are necessary for survival and quantitative and qualitative improvement of any legal system. Similar to the other legal systems, such a hierarchy of norms exists in the legal system of Islamic Republic of Iran. However, it has some differences with the general hierarchical system that makes these legal norms distinguishable. It is obvious that to clarify the legal system of our country identifying these differences is unavoidable.;
Coexistence of the Islamic order as well as the legal order and the need to analysis of the relation between these two, the problem of determining the exact boundary of different levels of the legal order pyramid, and the importance of accurate definition of elements of these levels are among the specifications of this hierarchy. Furthermore, the hierarchy of legal norms has some problems whose appropriate solutions should be considered. Thus, it could be stated that evaluation of the legal norm of Islamic Republic of Iran requires recognition of the theoretical bases of its hierarchy norms.;In an organized legal system, the relations between the legal norms are regulated based on a hierarchical pyramid structure. Recognition of the structure of this hierarchy and the relation between the existing legal norms are necessary for survival and quantitative and qualitative improvement of any legal system. Similar to the other legal systems, such a hierarchy of norms exists in the legal system of Islamic Republic of Iran. However, it has some differences with the general hierarchical system that makes these legal norms distinguishable. It is obvious that to clarify the legal system of our country identifying these differences is unavoidable.;
Coexistence of the Islamic order as well as the legal order and the need to analysis of the relation between these two, the problem of determining the exact boundary of different levels of the legal order pyramid, and the importance of accurate definition of elements of these levels are among the specifications of this hierarchy. Furthermore, the hierarchy of legal norms has some problems whose appropriate solutions should be considered. Thus, it could be stated that evaluation of the legal norm of Islamic Republic of Iran requires recognition of the theoretical bases of its hierarchy norms.;https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124336_e65c316752d07907f756f8ba22442a0c.pdfپژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظامStrategy1028-310216420090219Religion and International Relations: Paradoxes and NecessitiesReligion and International Relations: Paradoxes and Necessities124337FAJournal Article19700101This article is based on a speech delivered by Dr. Rohani in the opening ceremony of a conference entitled "Religion and International Relations" held in the Center for Strategic Research on January 2009. Generally, what is discussed in studying the relationship between religion and international relations is the role of religious beliefs in forming political opinions and in creating incentives for political action by citizens, organizations, states, and leaders at the international level.;
In his speech, Dr. Rohani addressed various topics including religion and international relations after Renaissance, philosophical explanation of secularism, religion and theories of international relations, political and social consequences of modernization, Iranian example, effects of religion on international relations, imperatives of a religious state in the international system and religion in the process of globalization.;
He concludes that at the present time, religions have challenged the mainstream paradigms of international relations and have become a factor contributing to resistance against domination.This article is based on a speech delivered by Dr. Rohani in the opening ceremony of a conference entitled "Religion and International Relations" held in the Center for Strategic Research on January 2009. Generally, what is discussed in studying the relationship between religion and international relations is the role of religious beliefs in forming political opinions and in creating incentives for political action by citizens, organizations, states, and leaders at the international level.;
In his speech, Dr. Rohani addressed various topics including religion and international relations after Renaissance, philosophical explanation of secularism, religion and theories of international relations, political and social consequences of modernization, Iranian example, effects of religion on international relations, imperatives of a religious state in the international system and religion in the process of globalization.;
He concludes that at the present time, religions have challenged the mainstream paradigms of international relations and have become a factor contributing to resistance against domination.https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124337_091518d3f7795e37a204948484104b6b.pdfپژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظامStrategy1028-310216420090219Social Welfare Rights and Different Forms of Judicial ControlSocial Welfare Rights and Different Forms of Judicial Control124338FAJournal Article19700101The common and normative logic among scholars of constitutional law is that the constitution should not recognize or be interpreted as recognizing the so-called the second generation of welfare rights such as right to have a shelter or to have minimum earnings. Their main argument is that rights based on the constitution should be justiciable. This article analyzes the concept of welfare rights. Then, it is argued that the main issue is related to the methods of judicial control. Each of them has their own advantages and disadvantages. Although, the weak form of judicial control seems more interesting, Tushnet believes that it may lead to instability and ensues inverse outcomesThe common and normative logic among scholars of constitutional law is that the constitution should not recognize or be interpreted as recognizing the so-called the second generation of welfare rights such as right to have a shelter or to have minimum earnings. Their main argument is that rights based on the constitution should be justiciable. This article analyzes the concept of welfare rights. Then, it is argued that the main issue is related to the methods of judicial control. Each of them has their own advantages and disadvantages. Although, the weak form of judicial control seems more interesting, Tushnet believes that it may lead to instability and ensues inverse outcomeshttps://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124338_5231c99f63b8fe58d7672b50da581137.pdf