Competitive Strategy and Diplomacy of Great Powers in Latin America
بهنام
دنیاجو
author
مسعود
اسلامی
author
text
article
2016
per
Change in the approach of great powers towards Latin America and also change in the nature of their relations with regional countries have brought about major shifts in their diplomatic actions. The main question posed by this article is that have these changes led to a competitive diplomacy among great powers including the United States, China, Russia and the European Union? If so, what are the main components of this pattern and how could it be explained and analayzed? To answer the main question, this article puts forward the hypothesis that under present circumstances, due to the transition of world order towards a multi-polar system and the decline of the U.S. power, this country has lost its extensive influence on Latin America. Therefore, the most important US rivals have seized the opportunity to reinforce their economic and military presence in Latin America. Given the nature of this article, investigating the formation of a new pattern regarding diplomatic competition among great powers in Latin America requires addressing scientific indices of international relations discipline and its combination with the art of diplomacy. For this reason, first we explore and compare the theoretical foundation and regional diplomatic strategy of great powers in Latin America by using the method of analysis and comparison and then we evaluate the pattern competition among great powers relying upon some indices such as statements, positions taken by officials, actions, decisions, etc. In this analysis, the formation of competitive diplomatic pattern of great powers in Latin America is considered a dependent variable which is the function of independent variables such as the decline of U.S hegemonic power, strategic interests of great powers, transition period of international relations, and charcteristics of regional countries
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124597_c2afb5a94b7d391d6313c3a92dbfd385.pdf
A Comparative Study of Look to Israel in Iran′s Foreign Policy (A Case Study of Pahlavist and Islamist Discourse)
جواد
عرب عامری
author
محمدجعفر
جوادیارجمند
author
text
article
2016
per
The question about the causes of developing and continuing hostility between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Israel has become one of the concerns of scholars of foreign policy and international relations. Most works on this issue are based on a positivist attitude. But it should be noted that enmity between these two political units during the past three decades could not be explained by using a positivist approach. This article tries to find that which factors have made Israel the enemy of the Islamic Republic if Iran? Our hypothesis is that considering Israel as an insider in the framework of Pahlavist foreign policy has played a significant role in constructing Israel as the "other" in the Islamist discourse of Imam Khomeini′s foreign policy. To explain this hypothesis, the authors uses the theory of discourse advocated by Laclau and Mouffet and especially the concept of "otherness". Since this theory lacks an instrument for text analaysis, the authors employ the method elaborated by Fairclough to do their research. Their finding is that since the emergence, evolution and development of discourses are carried out under the heavy shadow of the "other", an entity with double function of preventing identity from being established and objectified and of constructing identity and being responsible for discursive coherence, Israel as the "other" has play the role of a constitutive outsider in giving an identity to Islamist foreign policy discourse as opposed to Pahlavist other
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124598_8b3d90aaa7ba52bbac97b1f6ab8abddf.pdf
Future Prospects of Geo-energy in the Persion Gulf and Iran′s Status
لیلا
رحمتیپور
author
هادی
آجیلی
author
text
article
2016
per
Today, governments define their energy security in the framwork of a narrow paradigm of national interests based on a realistic approach, but there are many issues related to energy policy such as investment on oil and gas fields, technology transfer, climate change and natural disasters and various dimensions of sustainability having a transnational nature. On the other hand, several energy security factors are common between energy producing and consuming countries which indicates an interdependence between security of demand and security of supply. So an alternative security paradigm for energy policy is needed for covering all national and transnational issues related to energy
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124599_1f8533772d2b2c1d99a609a791d3ff3e.pdf
The Conflict Pattern of Regional and Global Actors In the Civil Wars of Iraq and Syria (2011-2015)
سید
امیر نیاکویی
author
علی
اصغر ستوده
author
text
article
2016
per
The recent civil war in Syria, since March of 2011 and the consequent upheavals in Iraq have created a new pattern of conflict in the Middle East which is illustrated in the competition between the coalition of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Hezbollah in one hand, and the coalition of Turkey, Saudi Arabia and other conservative Arabs of the region on the other. However, the role of Israel and Kurds along with the security strategies of Russia and the United States are affecting the outcome of the civil wars in the region. The fundamental question of this article is as follows: how the contrasting purposes and actions of regional and global actors in the civil wars of Syria and Iraq can be explained and which theory or pattern is more applicable? The findings of the authors demonstrate that the behavior of the mentioned actors can be explained by the theory of balance of threat. In fact, the general pattern of competing coalitions in the region is maintaining or changing the balance of power in the Middle East. The method used by the authors in doing their research is a descriptive analytical approach
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124600_d1a87b802b676a0c17a95a0f485f92dd.pdf
Developments in Ukraine and Its Impact on the International System
سعید
وثوقی
author
سعیده
مرادی فر
author
عسگر
صفری
author
text
article
2016
per
From the perspective of international relations theory, international system is an environment in which all behaviors, directions, intentions and desires of component parts are influenced by the environment, Therefore, any change that takes place in this system may alter the behavior of actors. Developments in Ukraine in 2013 that its effects continue to this day, is one of the newest developments having several effects on the regional and international order. Despite the importance of studying the regional implications of developments in Ukraine, identifying the impact of these developments on the international stage is the most important purpose of this study. This article seeks to answer this question: what are the consequences of developments in Ukraine for international system? The results indicate that the major impact of these developments in 2013 is the proximity of Russia and China and the strengthening of the balance of power in the twenty-first century. Some believe that balance of power is an old metaphor which is unable to analyze twenty-first century phenomena. However, this article argues that what is happening following Ukraine developments in the international arena is the emergence of some kind of balance of power made possible by proximity between Russia and China
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124601_4e8d25e18d52d2ae1fd57a5c2a07ab8e.pdf
Arctic Ocean: Operational Stage of the 21st Century or the Rise of Russia
حسین
عرب
author
text
article
2016
per
Arctic or circle region extending above 70° to north pole is located at the end of the lands of continental Europe, Asia and North America, such as the Great Sea and the Arctic Ocean. It is the smallest ocean in the world surrounded by Russia, Canada, Denmark, Norway and America and for this reason, it is also called polar Mediterranean. This icy ocean, out of the reach of human beings, has remained intact. Preliminary estimates indicate that approximately 20% of mineral resources and 25% of world energy resources are located on the bed of the ocean. Russia has the smallest access to the world seas. The status and legal limits of its territorial waters have already been delienated. According to the existing Conventions, the five surrounding Arctic countries are limited to a 200 mile exclusive economic zone based on the sector principle. Oceanographic research institutes show that if global warming trends continue, the Arctic Ocean will be ice-free in summer season by 2030. A research was conducted to answer the question that how the melting ice affects military, geo-strategic and geo-economic issues. The results show that, in the 21st century, this area will be the scene of global operations. Melting ice, will open waterways which could be an opportunity for global trade and economy, but, it could lead to a struggle between countries which world threaten global security
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124602_ca76f9f28dc2d8c61bb6052053717d18.pdf
Political Competition and the Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran for Defining the Desirable Situation
محمدرضا
حسینی
author
text
article
2016
per
This article studies political competition in the era of the Islamic Republic and compares the present and desirable situation. Given the characteristics of the political foundation of this systems, the author uses available sources, espeeially the statements and opinion of the founder of Islamic Revolution and those of the supreme leader as well as high level documents such as the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran to conduct his research based on a survey method. He concluded that the average level of the present situation is lower than the midde point suggesting that there is a significant gap between present and desiratle situation negarding political competition in the country. The present situation is far from the desirable level in subjects such as legality, ethics, unity and observing religious principles.
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124603_0000e04fffc2f86c0c34f4cd7212e44b.pdf
International Liability of Non-state Actors in Outer Space
حسن
نواده توپچی
author
وحید
بذّار
author
text
article
2016
per
According to the 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, only states and international organization may become responsible for providing compensation to parties injured by space activities and individuals and non-state corporations might be forced to compensate the injured party only under their national legal system. Given the fact that the space activities of non-governmental organization have been expanded significantly during the past several decades, this article tries to answer the question that is it possible to extend the liability system of inter- state international organizations formulated under space International law to non- governmental organization
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124604_663f660a881508cf32e57e27f4fca4cc.pdf
The Necessity of a Transnational Perspective on Energy Security
احمد
ساعی
author
مریم
پاشنگ
author
text
article
2016
per
World oil markets are witnessing deep changes which could not be explained by economic or sometimes political- geopolitical cycles resulting from the interaction of different factors in the oil markets. With the energence of new actors into the scene of global economy, the economic conditions of the world have undergone a radical change. This has also affected energy markets, so that old patterns are no longer applicable to present and future activities of oil industry and those related to energy security. However, states still define their energy security based on a realist approach in the narrow sense of national security. But many issues related to energy security such as investment in energy sector, technology transfer, climate change, energy shortage and the other dimensions of sustainable development are of transnational nature. On the other hand, several common factors exist between the energy security of producers and consumers which create a link between supply security and demand security. Therefore given the fact that optimum governance in the field of energy goes beyond georaphical borders, it would be better that an international instance undertakes the governance in this field and designates an alternative security paradigm for existing energy policies
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124605_6f4381269c8ff5a46741a7a785704e35.pdf
Powerand Re-definition of Urban Planning Theory (with an Emphasis on Political Economy in Oil-Based Economies)
جواد
ایمانی شاملو
author
مجتبی
رفیعیان
author
text
article
2016
per
In order to strengthen the explanatory ability of urban planning and covering the gap between the theory and practice, various principles are got involved from other disciplines. Since 1960, social, cultural, political and human factors became more important and with the emergence of critical approach, concepts such as power entered into social discussions and consequently influenced the field of planning. In this direction, different approaches of power in space and planning were introduced. According to emphasis of this research on political economy approaches, explaining the role of political factors (power) in the re-definition of urban planning theory is the major object of this article. In this way, the descriptive-explanative analysis and inductive-hypothesis method were used. Results indicate that with the advent of critical approaches, explaining the factor of power (politics) in social fields, the impact of capitalism mechanism on urban planning became apparent and consequently urban planning was redefined
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124606_7dfbf4a13208490b6cae07dd1750d38b.pdf
Powerand Re-definition of Urban Planning Theory (with an Emphasis on Political Economy in Oil-Based Economies)
سیدمحمد
شبیری
author
مریم
شیخ الاسلامی
author
text
article
2016
per
In order to strengthen the explanatory ability of urban planning and covering the gap between the theory and practice, various principles are got involved from other disciplines. Since 1960, social, cultural, political and human factors became more important and with the emergence of critical approach, concepts such as power entered into social discussions and consequently influenced the field of planning. In this direction, different approaches of power in space and planning were introduced. According to emphasis of this research on political economy approaches, explaining the role of political factors (power) in the re-definition of urban planning theory is the major object of this article. In this way, the descriptive-explanative analysis and inductive-hypothesis method were used. Results indicate that with the advent of critical approaches, explaining the factor of power (politics) in social fields, the impact of capitalism mechanism on urban planning became apparent and consequently urban planning was redefined
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
25
v.
3
no.
2016
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124607_cb658f0241e7e92b1112c4ad90bd665d.pdf