An Analysis of Pattern of Development in Iran between Two Revolutions Based on Political Economy and Social Order
رضا
زمانی
author
فرشاد
مؤمنی
author
text
article
2014
per
This artide aims at studying the pattern of development in Iran between two revolutions (1907-1979), based on social order and political economy. Social order could be of limited or open access and the analysis of political economy is based on the characteristics of social groups and government. Social groups have heterogenous interests thereby their preferences in regard to institutions and their policy-making is varied. Under these circumstances, the kind of institution and resulting policy-making are determined by the government. ;
This article written on the basis of social order and political economy approaches, shows that Irans social order between two revolutions was of limited access. In this kind of social order, institutions are designed to control and restrict the level of access to both economic and political organizations. Thus, during this period, social order faced “double imbalance” (in political and economic terms) and “access imbalance” (in economic and political systems). Double imbalance is a consequence of economic development policy making in a closed political system. Limited political elite circulation and very small access of both low and middle classes of society to political system (even during 1941-1953 period, when competition between political groups was remarkable) are indices of political access imbalance during that period. Imbalance access to economic system, can also be shown by people´s access to economic organizations (such as Banks); this article illustrates that a major part of financial facilities of banking system during that period was allocated to dominant coalition members and the level of people´s access to banking system was restricted. Finally, although in both Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah periods, economic growth was experienced, above mentioned imbalances along with a divided society (and not class society) led to social unrest followed by the collapse of the political system.
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
22
v.
4
no.
2014
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124506_4703fee0fc60009818ba2ae23f598711.pdf
A Study of Legal Challenges of Tehran Convention on the Protection of the Caspian Environment
سیدعباس
پورهاشمی
author
عطیه
اکرامی
author
text
article
2014
per
In terms of the environmental values,the Caspian Sea as the world’s largest inland body of water, is important from national, regional and global points of view.;
The Caspian Sea, because of many kinds of pollution including land-source pollution and increasing petroleum activities (exploration, extraction, transportation and refining) affecting its coastal and marine environments during the last decade, is facing alarming environmental trends.;
Due to the absence of a comprehensive legal framework and lack of commitment of the beneficiary countries in complying with environmental standards and optimal utilization of biological resources of the sea, the enforcement of environmental measures deesnot seem possible.;
The typical instances are the invasion of sea walnuts, reduction in sturgeon stocks in recent years, entry of oil pollutants and the destruction of coastal zones and aquatic habitat.;
Therefore, given the critical environmental status of the Caspian Sea, this marine ecosystem attracted the attention of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as a result of which the Framework Convention for the Protection of the Environment of the Caspian Sea, known as the Tehran Convention was elaborated.;
Due to the importance of this subject, this article studies the legal aspects of Tehran Convention, explains the strengths and weaknesses of the Convention, and presents strategies for successful implementation of the Convention and promoting the compliance of members with it.
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
22
v.
4
no.
2014
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124507_ee6fdf0eda613bb6ad7db62c5fe917fb.pdf
The impact of Terrorism on the Confrontation between Iran and the EU after September 11, 2001
مجید
عباسی
author
text
article
2014
per
The issue of terrorism is one of the important subjects in relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the EU. The European Union influenced by global propaganda and incidents such as hostage taking in the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Salman Rushdi affair, Mikonos crisis, and Iran´s support of Hezbollah and Palestinian groups, has criticized Iran. In contrast, Iran denies the charges and considers itself the greatest victim of terrorism. From Iran´s point of view, supporting Hezbollah and Palestinian groups that are considered as liberation movements is not tantamount to supporting terrorism. From Iran´s perspective, Europeans support Israel who is responsible for killing Palestinians. Also, they support anti-Iranian terrorist groups involved in the assassination of Iranian scientists and officials. Iran believes that the EU actions means supporting terrorism. On the other hand, the Islamic Republic of Iran present a different definition for terrorism brining about divergence between the two parties.
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
22
v.
4
no.
2014
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124508_cc6b9d15ddf6c415b154e4c8259ce165.pdf
The Causes of Russia´s Involvement in Syrian Crisis
داوود
کیانی
author
زهره
خانمحمدی
author
text
article
2014
per
The Middle East is considered a geopolitical region for the great powers. Among the Middle East states , Syria has a crucial status. Since the beginning of the domestic unrest in this country, the interests of a number of regional and trans-regional actors have been challenged. Russia is among those states that feels its interests and security threatened by this development. This aritcle is trying to analyze the Russian foreign Policy towards Syrian crises. According to the main argument of this article, while Russia seeks to restore its influence in Syria, it is determined to block the infiltration of the so called Arab uprising into the Eurasia which is considered its backyard.
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
22
v.
4
no.
2014
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124509_7a9917f7d4eaa11ccaf0202cb3648c5d.pdf
Shanghai, New Regionalism and the Threat to the U.S. Interests in Central Asia
آرمین
امینی
author
سیدمحمدرضا
موسوی
author
text
article
2014
per
Asia is experiencing a new generation of regionalism called neo-regionalism. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a successful regional organization tries to develop relations with other countries and recruits new members to achieve its political, economic and security goals. The increasing power of the SCO led by China and supported by Russia has caused growing concern in Washington . The question here is , does the SCO as a regional power, pose a threat against the U.S. interests in Central Asia? The answer to this question is that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, threatens seriously the U.S. interests in the three areas of Afghanistan, energy sector and regional stability. This article examines this regional organization as a growing threat to the U.S. interests in Central Asia.
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
22
v.
4
no.
2014
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124510_7bf3a1c8c4765cb1c7124bd42a84f9fe.pdf
Factors Affecting the Formation of Arms Trade Treaty
زهرا
دولتخواه
author
نوذر
شفیعی
author
text
article
2014
per
International community’s concerns about inhuman effects of conventional weapons in different countries, especially in crisis-hit African nations, and the possibility that criminals, illegal armed groups and terrorists may use such weapons against civilians, including women and children, prompted serious efforts for the adoption of effective international mechanisms. Extensive consultation among countries finally led to the adoption of various international conventions and treaties on small and light weapons, anti-personnel mines, and cluster bombs. However, growing concerns over illegal trade and smuggling of conventional weapons in different parts of the world prompted some countries and nongovernmental organizations to launch a campaign in this regard. As a result of their extensive lobbies and efforts, the Arms Trade Treaty was drafted without serious talks among countries and only based on the viewpoints of a limited group of states. Since a consensus was not reached in the UN Conference on Arms Trade, this treaty was finally approved through voting at the UN General Assembly in March 2013, with its main goal being the introduction of common international standards to control all forms of import, export and transfer of conventional weapons. The present research discusses underlying grounds for the formulation of the Arms Trade Treaty while assessing the process of the ratification of this treaty by international community to enforce global controls on conventional weapons.
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
22
v.
4
no.
2014
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124511_e0f5e3d8bb8e040e380de1b7514ffbbc.pdf
Towards a Model for Typology of Energy Management Strategies (The Case of Companies in Down Stream Section of Iranian Oil Industry)
سیدمحمد
اعرابی
author
هانیه
شمس کلاهی
author
text
article
2014
per
Today, energy management plays an important role in every organization. Previous studies about energy management consisted mostly of how to design the strategies for energy management.;
In this article, in accordance with the grounded theory methods and the information gathered from the knowledgeable specialists in energy management, we brought out the models of energy management strategies and sub-systems. On the basis of information gathered from petrochemical companies and oil refineries companies whose energy intensity is published in Hydrocarburs Energy Balance (published by Iran International Energy Study Ins-“IIES”), the existence of any correlation between strategies of energy management and business strategies and energy performance in organizations is studied.;
Structural equation modeling showed that correlation exists between strategies of energy management and business strategies and energy performance in organizations.
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
22
v.
4
no.
2014
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124512_a023aa8ec767279b6228e8b088c11290.pdf
Approaches to Enhancing International Cooperation in Iran´s Higher Education System
سیدعلی
طباطبایی
author
text
article
2014
per
International relations in the beginning of 21th century have become more complicated and intertwined so that all levels of international relations are influencing each other. Without international cooperation, there will be no international achievements. ;
Interanional cooperation is institutionalized within higher education systems across the world and the level and essence of interanional cooperation in higher education system is considered as an index of efficiency. Taking into consideration the importance of higher education in development of social, political, economic and technological structures of nation-states in the world, the subject of international cooperation in higher education gains much more importance. This article analyzes the present condition and approaches to enhancing international cooperation in Iran´s higher education system.
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
22
v.
4
no.
2014
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124513_bf97b870a2033a0748e750a020cc1621.pdf
Study of the Main Challenges and Strategies to Attract Foreign Students by Using the Technique of Focus Groups
حمید
شفیعزاده
author
text
article
2014
per
Higher education in the 21st century is one of the most important factors affecting every society. One of the major challenges of higher education in the new millennium is to attract foreign students into the host countries. This article reviews the challenges and strategies for the Islamic Republic of Iran in attracting foreign students and scholars through a qualitative study using focus groups. The population studied consisted of officials, experts, professionals and faculty members involved in academic and administrative activities related to the foreign students. The sample consisted of two groups: 18 participants consisting of authorities and relevant experts in the field of foreign students, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and other important institutions of higher education and 16 participants composed of researchers and faculty members working in the field of foreign students. The results led to the identification of seven challenges and eleven strategies. The main challenges in priority order are: multiplicity of policy decision making and planning institutions; lack of clarity in main goals and orientations; lack of specialized counseling services and guidance for students; introduction of Persian as the only language for teaching and learning; low level of education and welfare facilities; attracting students from least developed countries; and lack of the culture of interaction and empathy between Iranian and non-Iranian students.
Strategy
پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
1028-3102
22
v.
4
no.
2014
https://rahbord.csr.ir/article_124514_9d941944a3476b2e863473d1735e38a6.pdf